Understanding Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment - A Comprehensive Analysis

What is the pathophysiology for the condition you believe A.M. has?

The condition of A.M. is diabetes. It is this condition that causes her to produce a sweet fruity odor. The main reason for the production of this fruity smell is because the body is trying to rid of excess starch and is disposing of glucose by way of urinating. The production of sweet odor is the first symptom of the diabetes condition (Al-Lawati, 2017). Diabetic ketoacidosis, on the other hand, is one of the major problems associated with diabetes that is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and ketoacidosis. It happens when there is a shortage of insulin, which inhibits the utilization of glucose through metabolism. Due to this, there is a shortage of energy production, therefore causing the liver to break down fats to ketones to produce energy. As a result of overproduction of ketones causes their accumulation in the urine and blood, making blood turn acidic. Studies show that DKA is prevalent in patients with type 1 diabetes even though it also affects type 2 diabetes patients. The lab examination for DKA patients includes blood urea nitrogen analysis, a blood test for glucose, and serum determination, among other tests that present from the ones done on A.M.

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Of importance is the pathophysiology of diabetes, which A.M. has due to high levels of glucose in her blood and the absence of enough or lack of insulin to break down blood glucose into energy. The above is dependent on the type of diabetes that the patient suffers. For example, in type 1 diabetes, there is no insulin production. In contrast, in type 2, even though there is insulin production, the tissues restrict the effect of insulin from acting on blood glucose. The normal practice is that the pancreas, through the pancreatic fluid, produces insulin depending on the glucose levels in the blood. Glucose is very vital for the proper functioning of important organs in the body; for example, glucose is very important in the constant functioning of the brain.

Consequently, a lot of glucose is required for the proper and efficient functioning of the brain. And so, to get rid of the excess glucose levels in the blood, insulin converts the excess glucose into fats. Hypoglycemia, which is characterized by low glucose levels in the blood, is associated with drugs that are used in diabetes treatment. Such drugs may include antihyperglycemic and insulin. Therefore, the pathophysiology of diabetes disease, which is the condition that A.M. experiences, involves the concentration of glucose in the blood, calling for the nervous system to maximize its energy reserves. It relies on the blood flow within the cerebral the integrity of body tissues, and glucose levels in arterial plasma, and it determines the conversion of glucose to energy and the availability of metabolic energy in the blood. Low glucose in the blood causes swelling in the autonomic movement. Thus analysis of hypoglycemia of body blood requires confirmation of low glucose levels in the blood.

Relate etiology and clinical manifestation for the condition you identified in A.M

In relating the etiology and clinical manifestation of the condition I identified in A.M., I will consider different situations that relate to the condition. Generally, diabetes occurs whenever a person’s immune system, which is the body’s system responsible for fighting contamination, assaults, and destroying insulin-producing cells that originate from the pancreas. Scientists, for example, think that type 1 diabetes could be caused by environmental factors like viruses that may necessitate diabetes disease (Zhang, Zhao, Deng, Sun & Wang, 2016). Dry eye syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus: prevalence, etiology, and clinical characteristics. The characteristics of the diabetes conditions are thus associated with nausea, sweet fruity odor, and problems of sleep, among others.

Usually, the level of glucose in the blood is controlled by insulin, which converts excess glucose into fats, thus lowering the level of glucose in the blood. When the glucose level in the blood increases, especially after eating starch, the pancreas releases insulin to regulate glucose levels by facilitating glucose intake into the cells in the body. According to most research, patients experiencing hyperglycemia suffer due to a lack of insulin or its inadequate production in the pancreas. Thus, diabetes is a long-lasting therapeutic condition, and so there is no treatment apart from managing the disease. It thus lasts all the life of the patient.

What is the conventional treatment for this condition?

The handling of this condition is by preventing excess loss of body fluid by the use of circulatory solutions. The action involves ensuring the correction of the hyperglycemia by the use of insulin, thus ensuring the instability in an electrolyte, for example, potassium loss, and also managing the contamination and body acid-base neutralization.

Thus, the most recommended treatment for diabetes condition is glucose intake to increase the availability of energy in the blood. (LeRoith, Biessels, Braithwaite, Casanueva, Draznin, Halter & Sinclair, 2019) Therefore, the body responds to hypoglycemia by ensuring low secretion of insulin, and increased glucose secretion to counter hormones that relate to body regulations like glucagon, among others. Thus, the production of sufficient glucose in the blood is very useful as it prevents cognitive body dysfunctions, coma, and sympathoadrenal problems.

Also, late hypoglycemia in occult diabetes patients is a result of patients having impaired blood sugar tolerance. Others could be due to the new type 2 or type 1 diabetes, a meal with high carbohydrate levels, among many other causes.

References

Al-Lawati, J. A. (2017). Diabetes mellitus: a local and global public health emergency! Oman Medical Journal, 32(3), 177.

LeRoith, D., Biessels, G. J., Braithwaite, S. S., Casanueva, F. F., Draznin, B., Halter, J. B., ... & Sinclair, A. J. (2019). Treatment of diabetes in older adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(5), 1520-1574.

Zhang, X., Zhao, L., Deng, S., Sun, X., & Wang, N. (2016). Dry eye syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus: prevalence, etiology, and clinical characteristics. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2016.