LoRaWAN Multi-hop Uplink Extension - Free Essay

LoRaWAN is defined as a network protocol that is defined by the layer found above the physical layer in the model of Open Systems Interconnection. This type of network incorporates single-hop star topologies, where the various gateways at the center distribute various messages from one end device to another and a Network Server (Dias and Grilo 424). The article designs the gateways connected to the Internet only using Wifi, Ethernet, or 3G to deliver the data used to Network Servers using IP addresses. The article aims at testing, designing, assessing, and implementing routing protocols that are intended to operate in unison with LoRaWAN gateways.

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It explains how the use of the LoRaWAN beacon and packet delivery works from the end nodes through the least number of hops to the gateways works. Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector creates a situation where individual nodes in networks store routing tables that show various destinations that are easily reached by the node(Dias and Grilo 424). The main argument that Grilo and Dias present in this article is the argument that each transmission begins with an analysis of a Carrier Activity Detection so that it can detect a LoRa preamble that is valid. The authors present the problem of the way that gateways usually have expensive and complex maintenance costs, and they propose a solution where multi-hop routing can be extended to LoRaWAN networks that exist in uplink transmissions.

Good Things about the Paper

The paper is broad in its explanation of the way that Low Power Wide Area Network is associated with low consumptions of power, throughputs, costs, and long-range. The paper presents the problem of the way that many cities have dark spots that have weak coverages and then provide the multi-hop solution, which is simple, cheap, and effective in the improvement of the coverage and the eradication of the problem presented(Dias and Grilo 426). The paper also develops a prototype that makes the evaluation of proposed mechanisms easier after providing an analysis of LoRa literature. It describes each component of the implemented mechanisms and protocols of the implemented strategies of communication and finally creates an assessment of implemented solutions.

Another good thing about this article is that it is divided into four different sections that are effective in the analysis of LoRaWAN’s recent literature and problems, description of the effects that the problems have and provision of solutions that will play a major role in the eradicating the problems presented(Dias and Grilo 427). It is arranged systematically from the beginning to the end, which makes the understanding of the ideas presented easier. The authors of the paper create an experiment that helps in the addressing of interferences between concurrent transmissions of LoRa, creating a chance for them to argue about multi-hop extension and how it is different from LoRaBlink.

Major Comments

The weakness of the assumption that gateways are expensive to maintain and complex in such a way that they cannot be used as an option when deployed additionally to the network infrastructures is that it does not specify an effective specification that helps prevent duplicate packets(Dias and Grilo 427). Gateways are deployed in various areas apart from each other based on physical propagation, range, and node density. A suggestion to improve on this weakness is to create a connectivity solution that is similar to various cellular systems that focus on communication that is energy efficient for smart city applications that are based on devices that are operated using batteries.

The proposition made by Bor et al. in the addressing of multi-hop that appears under low traffic volume and density is a weakness because it combines routing and Medium Access Control. They should have used various beacons to synchronize time and communicate the distance that exists between the hop numbers to the sink or gateway(Dias and Grilo 428). The assumption that Routing Nodes are not constrained by energy is a weakness to the study of the paper because each RN undergoes an instance where the routing protocol exchanges packets of routing information with neighbor RNs so that they can find routes that help in the forwarding of packets from LNs to gateways.

Another challenge exists in the assumption that Leaf Nodes are nodes that are constrained by energy and are not part of the multi-hop routing because the LNs use broadcast to transmit, making it the main duplicate source(Dias and Grilo 426). An effective suggestion for this weakness is that the protocol that is chosen to deal with the RNs and the LNs should be simplified so that they can create stability of certain routes without creating loopholes that may increase the assumption that RNs are static.

A weakness that exists in the formulation of the uplink extension is the use of a simplified version of the DSDV protocol, which was proposed by Bhagwat and Perkins. The DSDVs consider incremental packets and full dumps that are used as routing messages of advertisement based on the data they carry ((Dias and Grilo426). The original DSDV has stability, and its routes are free from any loops; hence its optimization to the LoRaWAN network should be considered first before formulating such data. Another suggestion to deal with this weakness is that the gateway neighbors should schedule a window that allows for a short reception immediately after it receives a beacon which changes the channel parameter and adopt those that are used by various gateways in the transmission of beacons.

The weakness of the technical approach used to show how three main colors are a representation of three separate network components that appear in separate colors(Dias and Grilo 427). The way that the three colors are used in the technical approach is a weakness because despite showing the gateways that are shown from the presentation, the approach makes the RN eradicate the header and forward the part of LoRaWAN so that the gateway correctly interprets the packet.

The results after the experiment that shows RNIs in dark orange, in light orange and full dump, are a weakness for any company that uses them. The transmission of a full dump does not succeed in the updating of routing tables because RNs are the major storage of routing tables that incorporate destination lists and next-hops in the sequence and path that are issued by to help in the detection of stale entries ((Dias and Grilo427). The best way to deal with this challenge is to ensure that the LN that appears in green in the experiment can transmit data periodically. RNs should be divided into gateway neighbors that will be effective in scheduling short reception windows after receiving beacons.

The results show packet structure is determined by an enhancement of packets that are exchanged in terms of full dumps that contain data packets and routing information that show data packets in the Unicast ID field that directs them to the next-hop node. ALN and LoRaWAN possess payload of data, as well as specifications which flash nodes with security keys, can adopt(Dias and Grilo 428). Carrier Activity Detection should be used to detect valid preambles of LoRaWAN as well as full dump that first checks programs. A weakness of the reasoning is that all transmissions begin with an analysis of CAD. Lack of detectable preamble creates medium transmits, making it a weakness where the transmitting of preamble follows exponential transmit.

The weakness of the literature review is that it does not use the studies of past scholars to strengthen its argument and provide detailed information about how LoRaWAN, LN, and RN are used in the receiving of packets that originate from the Packet Reception Rate(Dias and Grilo 430). The authors should have a wide range of scholars with whom they can use their data and present the extension of the LoRaWAN study. Another suggestion to improve is to ensure that RN stores routing tables that contain destination lists for metrics to arrive at each destination, timestamp that will help them detect entries that are stale and issued sequence numbers.

RNs stores routing tables that contain destination lists and the comparison between gateways and the way that it corresponds to destination. The comparison of stored routing tables with full dumps received has a weakness because it only involves uplink traffic when being implemented where destinations correspond with gateways(Dias and Grilo 430). The gateways with the least metric numbers are stored, and they are a weakness for the comparison because the information can only be received after receiving full dumps and being compared to the routing table that was stored.

Such information is updated when new destinations emerge, and the same or new sequence numbers get better metrics. A suggestion to improve such comparisons with other works is to schedule next instants where the parameters of the channels are changed to ensure that the gateway easily transmits beacons after an elapse of a schedule set for the first dump(Dias and Grilo 430). Another suggestion that can be effective is to compare LoRaWAN to other RNsand schedule various instants from which they can easily integrate Transmit Power Control mechanisms. The LoRaWAN networks can be extended using multi-hop routing and uplink extensions, which are feasible even when a duty cycle restriction exists.

Minor Comments

The paper’s format is arranged systematically and arranged from the abstract, introduction, and three other sections, which are subdivided into minor sections before the authors end it with a strong conclusion.

The authors use an introduction that catches the attention of the reader because it explains in detail what the paper will be about while giving a guideline of the sections that will follow and what they will entail.

The paper incorporates various figures in the form of tables that play a major role in strengthening the information and data presented and making all calculations easily visible from the rest of the work.

The paper has little grammatical errors or typos, with many of the words used being technical words.

The authors use different abbreviations that help reduce the repetition of words across the paper.

The originality of the paper is excellent as Grilo and Dias perform their research and provide an analysis of the LoRaWAN multi-hop uplink extension with a reference page and adequate citation as proof of the research they conducted before formulating this article.

The abstract presents the problem statement of the paper, the approaches used, and the results of the research.

The abstract lacks a conclusion sentence because it does not answer the implications of the paper and whether or not all previous results are important for the paper.

Works Cited

Dias, José, and António Grilo. "LoRaWAN multi-hop uplink extension." Procedia computer science 130 (2018): 424-431. 10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.063