Difference Between COPD & Emphysema: What You Need to Know - Essay Sample

Introduction

COPD in full is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Its main difference with emphysema is that the latter is a progressive lung condition. Emphysema is caused by inflation or damage to the air sacs in the lungs. On the other hand, COPD is a term used to describe conditions that increase the lungs' breathlessness. Since COPD is more of an umbrella term that represents more than one situation, it is accurate to note that a person with emphysema has COPD, while nor everyone with COPD has emphysema (Grah et al.,2020). There are other conditions apart from emphysema that causes COPD.

Is your time best spent reading someone else’s essay? Get a 100% original essay FROM A CERTIFIED WRITER!

Order now

What is lung compliance and resistance? How are these lung functions affected by COPD?

Lung compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand fully. Lung compliance is one of the measures of a proper functioning respiratory system. It is calculated by dividing respiratory volume to pressure. Additionally, lung resistance is the opening of the lung airways to increase the rates of lung ventilation (Grah et al.,2020). Lung resistance is part of pulmonary compliance. COPD affects compliance by causing hyperinflation, limiting, or ending expiratory lung-volume; the pressure continues to go up while the lung volume is limited. COPD affects resistance by limiting the amount of airflow within the alveoli's and the trachea. A lung loses its ability to handle COPD due to intrapulmonary pressure that limits the inspiratory muscles from increasing airflow.

Is this an acceptable placement of the ETT?

Optimal depth of endotracheal tube Is always an issue of debate because of the likely complications associated with the tube's malposition. However, the recommended length is 23 cm in males and 21 cm in females. The tip of the ETT should be at least 4 cm from the carina for both genders (Marvi, Winters, Buell, Hayat, & Dworski, 2020). The cuff, on the other hand, should be 1.5 to 2.5 cm from the vocals. Comparing the above recommendation with the case Mr. Hayato, it is clear that the placement is within the required limits, but not for males. It is 2 cm from the necessary threshold. The ETT placed above the carina 5cm is set as per the treatment requirement.

What does his initial arterial blood gases indicate?

Initial arterial blood gases were at a pH of 7.32. the pH is slightly below the normal range of anything above pH 7.45. It is an indication that the patient is an acidosis. The blood of the patient is full of acids Minervini et al., 2020). The arterial gases in the body are not balanced, and oxygen intake is somewhat limited.

What could other types of external ventilation have been used before intubation?

Rapid sequence intubation can be dangerous to patients. The muscle relaxant and induction agent might be likely to harm the patient. Another type of external ventilation is the use of Ketamine. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that augments pathways to access ventilation before intubation (Minervini et al., 2020). Ketamine allows airway preparation and preoxygenation in the affected patient.

Why can't the patient stay on 100% oxygen for long periods?

On ventilators and other forms of lung treatment, patients can only be placed under oxygen concentrations of about 60%. 60% can only compensate for a prolonged period. Prolonged 100% concentration of oxygen is likely to lead to lung damage. A high rate of oxygen concentration to the lungs leads to the formation of Isofuran, which is responsible for destroying the lungs.

What is peep, and why is it important for the lungs? What happens when peep is increased, and the barometric pressure is changed in the lungs?

PEEP in full is positive end-expiratory pressure. It is a type of therapy used for the lungs. PEEP is essential to the lungs of the patient since it maintains a patient's airway through containing pressure that causes passive emptying of the lung. It is a therapy that can be used to diffuse lung disease and acute functional lung residue capacity. When peep is increased, and the barometric pressure is changed in the lungs, the exerted pressure opposes the atmospheric levels pressure, thereby opening the lungs airway. A positive pressure flow is in exchange maintained at the end of the exhalation process.

What has occurred, and what action does the nurse need to take?

Mr. Hayato is going through hyperventilation, which has caused tachypnea. The patient has been put through a lot of inhaling action, which is more than the exhale rates (Dhawan, Singal Bisherwal, & Pandhi, 2016). The right and left breath sounds are caused by low carbon dioxide levels that lead to the narrowing of blood vessels—failure to supply blood results to the left and right breath sounds.

What has caused the tracheal deviation, and what precautions does the nurse need to know about chest tubes?

The tracheal deviation is a sign that there is unequal pressure within the pulmonary cavity. The chest tubes might be well, but the problem is some risks increase complications (Dhawan, Singal Bisherwal, & Pandhi, 2016). The smoking of Mr. Hayato might limit the functioning of the chest tubes as a nurse should only be limited to putting the container in position after removing the scope. Additionally, instead of using the nose, the nurse can try utilizing the chest tubes through the mouth because of the sure air space.

What is subcutaneous emphysema?

Subcutaneous emphysema is a condition where the air gets under the tissues of the skin. It is familiar to the skin covering the chest wall and neck. A nurse realizes the palpates under the skin. The skin produces unusual crackling sensation as the gas, and the air is pushed through the tissue (Dhawan, Singal Bisherwal, & Pandhi, 2016). It occurs as a result of a surgical and traumatic infection like for the case of Mr. Hayato.

Reference

Dhawan, A. K., Singal, A., Bisherwal, K., & Pandhi, D. (2016). Subcutaneous emphysema mimicking angioedema. Indian dermatology online journal, 7(1), 55. From: http://www.idoj.in/article.asp?issn=2229-5178;year=2016;volume=7;issue=1;spage=55;epage=56;aulast=Dhawan

Grah, C., Lenga, P., Pfannschmidt, J., Eggling, S., Gläser, S., Kurz, S., ... & Gebhardt, A. (2020). Comparisons of Baseline Characteristics of COPD Patients Between Endoscopic and Surgical Procedures of Lung Volume Reduction: First Results from a Lung Emphysema Registry in Germany. In D45. INVASIVE PULMONARY PROCEDURES: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND COMPLICATIONS (pp. A6876-A6876). American Thoracic Society. From:https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_MeetingAbstracts.A6876

Marvi, T., Winters, N. I., Buell, K. G., Hayat, M. H., & Dworski, R. T. (2020). A Case of Spontaneous Lung Herniation Complicated by Severe Subcutaneous Emphysema. In B37. CASE REPORTS IN COUGH AND AIRWAYS DISEASE (pp. A3179-A3179). American Thoracic Society. From: https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_MeetingAbstracts.A3179

Minervini, F., Kestenholz, P. B., Paolini, V., Pesci, A., Libretti, L., Bertolaccini, L., & Scarci, M. (2018). Surgical and endoscopic treatment for COPD: patient’s selection, techniques and results. Journal of thoracic disease, 10(Suppl 27), S3344. From: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30450240/