Annotated Bibliography: Exploring Concepts from Autism to Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Concept: Autism in the Growth and Development of Pediatrics

Kim, S. K. (2015). Recent update of autism spectrum disorders. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 58(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2015.58.1.8

The authors describe autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with communication problems, difficulties in social relations, and unusual motor and sensory behaviors. Similarly, it encompasses a typical practice of attention, perception, and motor development. This book enables the reader to understand autism better by analyzing its genetic and environmental determinants, and its advancement, identifying multiple facets, believing the theories around autism, and the best processes and intervention approaches to be exercised. The book informs the parents and nurses on the signs of autism so that sick children can be treated in good time with more successful results.

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It explains the importance of determining the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, regularly monitoring the patients, helping train autism spectrum disorder diagnosticians, comprehending the causal mechanism of autism spectrum disorders, and increasing access to essential intervention. Again it comes clear on the challenges and limitations in explaining prevalence reports. It specifically discusses factors leading to variation in approximation and changes over time. This book's information gives health practitioners the ability to recognize children who have autism and give them the appropriate medication in good time. The data from this book can be used in healthcare centers and households with autism cases.

Concept: Cerebral Palsy in Growth and Development of Pediatrics

Fowler, E. G., Kolobe, T. H., Damiano, D. L., Thorpe, D. E., Morgan, D. W., Brunstrom, J. E., ... & Rose, J. (2007). Promote physical fitness and prevention of secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy: section on pediatrics research summit proceedings. Physical therapy, 87(11), 1495-1510. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060116

Cerebral palsy is a brain disorder that creates problems with normal motor function. It is a lifetime condition that affects the coordination between the muscles and the brain. Fowler et al. (2007) discussed the causes of cerebral palsy in children. It happens when there is unusual development or damage to regions of the brain that control motor function. The two types of cerebral palsy, that is, congenital CP and acquired CP. The book listed symptoms of cerebral palsy in children. They include spastic diplegia, spastic quadriplegia, spastic hemiplegia, and spastic double hemiplegia.

The diagnosis of the condition cannot be made until the child is at least six months old. At this stage, the child should be approaching developmental milestones. For example, standing, sitting, walking hand, and head control. The health care provider will ask about the patient's symptoms and health records to give the child a physical examination to determine his/her state.

Concept: Trisomy 21 in Growth and Development of Pediatrics

Lubec, G., & Engidawork, E. (2002). The brain in Down syndrome (TRISOMY 21). Journal of Neurology, 249(10), 1347-1356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-002-0799-9

Trisomy 21 is the most prevalent genetic birth error related to brain retardation. The mechanisms behind the neuropathology of trisomy 21 are not fully understood. It is a genetic disorder. The majority of people have 46 chromosomes in every cell. Kids with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes. Typically, children acquire 23 chromosomes from the father and another 23 from the father. Children with trisomy 21 develop an extra copy of chromosome 21, giving three copies, one from dad, one from mom, and one extra. The paper discusses how common Down syndrome is, and how Down syndrome can be diagnosed, either in utero or before birth. After birth, it is interpreted depending on the distinctive physical appearance. The article equips the nurses with information on handling mothers who are expecting babies with Down syndrome.

Concept: Failure to Thrive in the Growth And Development of Pediatrics

Frank, D. A., & Zeisel, S. H. (1988). Failure to thrive. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 35(6), 1187-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)36578-6

Frank & Zeisel (1988) claimed that children fail to thrive when they do not meet the set standard of growth. It is considered a disorder. It describes a situation where children are malnourished. Malnutrition is the main biological offense in various cases of failure to thrive. Children who fail to succeed should be given a multidisciplinary assessment to respond to the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of medical, nutritional, psychological, and developmental aspects leading to the growth rate. Nurses will advise patients on the best diet to feed their children to prevent malnutrition cases.

Concept: Obesity in the Growth and Development of Pediatrics

Nowicki, P., Kemppainen, J., Maskill, L., & Cassidy, J. (2019). The role of obesity in pediatric orthopedics. JAAOS Global Research & Reviews, 3(5). HYPERLINK "https://dx.doi.org/10.5435%2FJAAOSGlobal-D-19-00036" \t "pmc_ext" doi: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D 19-00036

Obesity in pediatrics is becoming a global epidemic and leads to remarkable impacts on the growing skeleton that may have lifetime implications. Obesity in childhood has a good number of effects on both psychological and physical health. Overweight and obese children may stay with this condition into adulthood and are likely to develop infectious diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes at a tender age. According to the authors, the mechanism by which obesity develops is not fully fathomed, and they believe it is a disorder with various causes. It discussed factors that led to the rising spread of overweight and obesity, namely; environmental factors, cultural environment, and lifestyle preferences.

Generally, it is assumed that obesity and overweight results from excessive fat and caloric consumption. Similarly, increased sugar consumption by drinking soft drinks, reduced physical activities, and increased portion size have been significantly increasing the number of obese worldwide. From the article, clinicians and other health care providers are informed on the healthy diets an obese should eat to control and manage their weight, causes of the obesity, and how to identify an obese. The information is useful when advising patients suffering from overweight and obesity. It explained that comorbid conditions like hepatic, pulmonary, renal, orthopedic, and metabolic disorders are associated with childhood obesity.

Concept: Pediatric Injuries – Pediatrics Safety

Oh, W., Kim, E., Im, Y., Han., J., & Kim, M. (2019). Developing a conceptual model of pediatric inpatient safety accidents: A mixed-methods approach. Nursing and Health Sciences, 22(3), 777-786. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.hsc.usf.edu/10.1111/nhs.12728

The article's authors hail from various nursing backgrounds and have acquired either a master's degree or a doctorate in nursing. Therefore, the authors draw from a wide range of experience in the nursing practice. The article's target audience is nurses, as well as other healthcare providers, who are practicing in the pediatric setting. The authors' combined research in the pediatric setting has culminated in developing a model for shedding light on preventing safety accidents from occurring in the pediatric environment. This research article can help nurses and nursing students by initiating how personal beliefs and biases can affect patient safety in the pediatric unit. The paper evaluates qualitative studies of nurses' and parents' understanding of risk factors and types of accidents. It also emphasizes that possible risk factors for hospital accidents are related to the patient's parents and their care providers' opinions and perceptions of the causes and preventive factors that differ with patient age in both parents and nurses.

Concept: Head Injuries – Pediatrics Safety

Reece, R. M., & Sege, R. (2000). Childhood head injuries: accidental or inflicted? Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 154(1), 11-15. Doi:10-1001/pubs. Pediatr Adolesc Med.-ISSN-1072-4710-154-1-poa8558

Reece & Sege (2000) defined head injuries as any sort of damage in the brain, scalp, or skull. Head injuries may range from a mild bruise or bump to traumatic brain damage. It discussed skull fractures, scalp wounds, and concussions as common types of head injuries. Head injuries' effects and treatment vary depending on the causes of the damage and its severity. Nurses can assess the severity of head injuries just by observing. Specific minor head injuries bleed a lot while some severe injuries don't bleed at all. Head injuries should be treated with care and assessed by doctors.

The authors covered the common causes of head injuries, types of head injuries, and the preventive measures that can be taken to prevent head injuries in children. Information from this book can be used at home by parents to ensure their children have protective gear when engaging in games that will put their heads at risk.

Concept: Child Abuse – Pediatrics Safety

Block, R. W., & Palusci, V. J. (2006). Child abuse pediatrics: a new pediatric subspecialty. The Journal of Pediatrics, 148(6), 711-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.01.033

Block & Palusci (2006) defined child abuse as intentional harm or mistreatment of children below 18 years. It discussed physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, medical abuse, and sexual abuse in detail as a form in which child abuse may occur. On several occasions, children are abused by people they know and trust; it is always their parents and relatives. When people are abused, they ought to forward the matter to the legal authorities.

They discussed signs and symptoms for children who have been abused. Often, victims are ashamed, confused, and feel guilty. They are always afraid to disclose information concerning the abuse, mainly when the abuser is a parent, family friend, or other relative. When one is concerned that his/her child or another kid has been abused, he/she should report to the authorities concerned, for example, a local child protective agency, health care provider, and the police department. It covers the risk factors that might increase people's risk of becoming abusive to others. It informs parents on the best ways to protect their children from being abused by others and the implications that abusers bring into their children's lives. With this, all information, nurses, parents, and teachers can identify affected children, take them through counseling, and treat them to live everyday life like other children.

Concept: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Pediatrics

Smith, D. K., Seales, S. M., & Budzik, C. (2017). Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children. American Family Physician, 95(2), 94-99. https://www.aafp.org/afpsort

Smith et al. (2017) described bronchiolitis as prevalent lower respiratory tract contamination in infants and children caused by a respiratory syncytial virus. The respiratory syncytial virus is acquired when one comes in contact with respiratory suspensions directly from an infected child or self-injection by infectious secretions. Patients show signs of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis between the second and fourth day of infection. The upper respiratory tract symptoms are fever, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Later lower respiratory tract symptoms show out increased wheezing, coughing, and rising respiratory effort.